Air pollution, particularly long-term exposure to PM2.5, tiny particulate matter that can penetrate deep into the lungs and bloodstream, is contributing significantly to the increasing rates of anaemia
Anaemia, traditionally associated with iron deficiency, has been showing an increasing prevalence, with experts now identifying air pollution and vitamin B12 deficiency as significant contributors to the condition. While iron deficiency remains a major factor, growing exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in the air and a widespread lack of vitamin B12 due to dietary habits are emerging as key contributors to anaemia worldwide.
Anaemia occurs when the body lacks sufficient hemoglobin to carry oxygen to organs and tissues, leading to a reduced count of red blood cells. This results in symptoms such as fatigue, weakness, and, in severe cases, developmental delays in children. The condition predominantly affects women and children, and it has significant consequences for cognitive and motor development, particularly in young children.
“Emerging research has suggested that anaemia is not solely due to iron deficiency. Two additional factors warrant attention: air pollution and vitamin B12 deficiency,” said Dr. K Madan Gopal, a public health expert. His comments align with studies that suggest that while iron deficiency contributes to anaemia, it is not the sole cause. Air pollution and vitamin B12 deficiency are playing an increasingly important role in the condition’s rise.
Air Pollution’s Role in Anaemia
Air pollution, particularly long-term exposure to PM2.5, tiny particulate matter that can penetrate deep into the lungs and bloodstream, is contributing significantly to the increasing rates of anaemia. According to Dr. Sabine Kapasi, an advisor to the United Nations Covid-19 Task Force, long-term exposure to PM2.5 can lower hemoglobin levels by 2-3%, increasing the risk of anaemia by 12-15%.
“Exposure to fine particulate matter leads to systemic inflammation, which disrupts the production and survival of red blood cells, exacerbating anaemia,” Dr. Gopal explained. The inflammation caused by air pollution directly affects the body’s ability to produce healthy red blood cells. The impact is particularly severe in urban areas with high pollution levels, where individuals may face higher risks of anaemia.
Efforts to reduce air pollution at the community level, such as local monitoring of pollution sources and educating the public on ways to reduce exposure, could significantly improve overall health and reduce the air pollution-induced anaemia.
Vitamin B12 Deficiency: A Growing Concern
Another key factor contributing to rising anaemia is vitamin B12 deficiency, especially in populations with predominantly plant-based diets. Vitamin B12 is essential for the formation of red blood cells, and a deficiency can lead to megaloblastic anaemia, a condition marked by weakness, dizziness, cognitive impairment, and fatigue.
“Over 50% of people in many countries lack adequate vitamin B12 due to poor dietary intake, leading to a widespread incidence of megaloblastic anaemia,” said Dr. Kapasi. “This condition, caused by vitamin B12 deficiency, exacerbates the challenges of anaemia.”
Since B12 is found primarily in animal products, individuals who follow vegetarian or vegan diets are at a higher risk of developing this deficiency. This deficiency has significant implications for both physical and cognitive health, particularly for children and pregnant women.
Addressing the Issue
Anaemia remains a significant public health issue, and experts are calling for a holistic approach to tackle it. The most effective strategies include improving awareness about the importance of iron-rich foods, integrating vitamin B12 into dietary recommendations, and promoting the fortification of staple foods like rice and wheat with iron and B12.
Experts suggest that, in addition to iron supplementation, communities should be educated on the importance of a balanced diet, including foods rich in vitamin B12 or fortified alternatives. Screening for B12 deficiency, particularly in vulnerable populations such as pregnant women, children, and those with restrictive diets, can help identify issues early and allow for timely intervention.
A multi-faceted approach is needed to tackle anaemia, which should include both nutritional improvements and environmental changes to address air pollution. Local governments and health authorities can work together to improve the overall health of populations by addressing these interconnected issues, ensuring that people receive proper nutrition, clean air, and adequate healthcare support.
By combining nutritional education, supplementation, food fortification, and environmental measures, experts believe that anaemia can be significantly reduced, leading to improved public health outcomes for all.
